High-precision Orbital and Physical Parameters of Double-lined Spectroscopic Binary Stars—HD78418, HD123999, HD160922, HD200077, and HD210027

We present high-precision radial velocities (RVs) of double-lined spectroscopic binary stars HD78418, HD123999, HD160922, HD200077, and HD210027. They were obtained based on the high-resolution echelle spectra collected with the Keck I/HIRES, Shane/CAT/Hamspec, and TNG/Sarge telescopes/spectrographs over the years 2003-2008 as part of the TATOOINE search for circumbinary planets. The RVs were computed using our novel iodine cell technique for double-line binary stars, which relies on tomographically disentangled spectra of the components of the binaries. The precision of the RVs is of the order of 1-10 m s^(–1), and to properly model such measurements one needs to account for the light-time effect within the binary's orbit, relativistic effects, and RV variations due to tidal distortions of the components of the binaries. With such proper modeling, our RVs combined with the archival visibility measurements from the Palomar Testbed Interferometer (PTI) allow us to derive very precise spectroscopic/astrometric orbital and physical parameters of the binaries. In particular, we derive the masses, the absolute K- and H-band magnitudes, and the parallaxes. The masses together with the absolute magnitudes in the K and H bands enable us to estimate the ages of the binaries. These RVs allow us to obtain some of the most accurate mass determinations of binary stars. The fractional accuracy in msin i only, and hence based on the RVs alone, ranges from 0.02% to 0.42%. When combined with the PTI astrometry, the fractional accuracy in the masses in the three best cases ranges from 0.06% to 0.5%. Among them, the masses of HD210027 components rival in precision the mass determination of the components of the relativistic double pulsar system PSR J0737 – 3039. In the near future, for double-lined eclipsing binary stars we expect to derive masses with a fractional accuracy of the order of up to ~0.001% with our technique. This level of precision is an order of magnitude higher than of the most accurate mass determination for a body outside the solar system—the double neutron star system PSR B1913+16

Absolute dimensions of the early F-type eclipsing binary V506 Ophiuchi

We report extensive differential V-band photometry and high-resolution spectroscopic observations of the early F-type, 1.06-day detached eclipsing binary V506 Oph. The observations along with times of minimum light from the literature are used to derive a very precise ephemeris and the physical properties for the components, with the absolute masses and radii being determined to 0.7% or better. The masses are 1.4153 +/- 0.0100 M(Sun) and 1.4023 +/- 0.0094 M(sun) for the primary and secondary, the radii are 1.725 +/- 0.010 R(Sun) and 1.692 +/- 0.012 R(Sun), and the effective temperatures 6840 +/- 150 K and 6780 +/- 110 K, respectively. The orbit is circular and the stars are rotating synchronously. The accuracy of the radii and temperatures is supported by the resulting distance estimate of 564 +/- 30 pc, in excellent agreement with the value implied by the trigonometric parallax listed in the Gaia/DR2 catalog. Current stellar evolution models from the MIST series for a composition of [Fe/H] = -0.04 match the properties of both stars in V506 Oph very well at an age of 1.83 Gyr, and indicate they are halfway through their core hydrogen-burning phase.Comment: Accepted for publication in The Astrophysical Journal, 8 pages in emulateapj format including figures and tables. Tables 3, 5, and 6 available only electronically from the Journa

The Spectroscopic Orbits of Five Solar Type, Single Lined Binaries

We have determined spectroscopic orbits for five single-lined spectroscopic binaries, HD 100167, HD 135991, HD 140667, HD 158222, HD 217924. Their periods range from 60.6 to 2403 days and the eccentricities, from 0.20 to 0.84. Our spectral classes for the stars confirm that they are of solar type, F9 to G5, and all are dwarfs. Their [Fe/H] abundances, determined spectroscopically, are close to the solar value and on average are 0.12 greater than abundances from a photometric calibration. Four of the five stars are rotating faster than their predicted pseudosynchronous rotational velocities.Comment: 12 pages emulateap

Absolute dimensions of the unevolved F-type eclipsing binary BT Vulpeculae

We report extensive differential V-band photometry and high-resolution spectroscopy for the 1.14 day, detached, double-lined eclipsing binary BT Vul (F0+F7). Our radial-velocity monitoring and light curve analysis lead to absolute masses and radii of M1 = 1.5439 +/- 0.0098 MSun and R1 = 1.536 +/- 0.018 RSun for the primary, and M2 = 1.2196 +/- 0.0080 MSun and R2 = 1.151 +/- 0.029 RSun for the secondary. The effective temperatures are 7270 +/- 150 K and 6260 +/- 180 K, respectively. Both stars are rapid rotators, and the orbit is circular. A comparison with stellar evolution models from the MIST series shows excellent agreement with these determinations, for a composition of [Fe/H] = +0.08 and an age of 350 Myr. The two components of BT Vul are very near the zero-age main sequence.Comment: 9 pages in emulateapj format, including tables and figures. Accepted for publication in The Astrophysical Journa

The PHASES Differential Astrometry Data Archive. III. Limits to Tertiary Companions

The Palomar High-precision Astrometric Search for Exoplanet Systems (PHASES) monitored 51 subarcsecond binary systems to evaluate whether tertiary companions as small as Jovian planets orbited either the primary or secondary stars, perturbing their otherwise smooth Keplerian motions. Twenty-one of those systems were observed 10 or more times and show no evidence of additional companions. A new algorithm is presented for identifying astrometric companions and establishing the (companion mass)-(orbital period) combinations that can be excluded from existence with high confidence based on the PHASES observations, and the regions of mass-period phase space being excluded are presented for 21 PHASES binaries.Comment: 16 pages, Accepted to A

Calibrating an Interferometric Null

One of the biggest challenges associated with a nulling interferometer-based approach to detecting extra-solar Earth-like planets comes from the extremely stringent requirements of pathlength, polarization and amplitude matching in the interferometer. To the extent that the light from multiple apertures are not matched in these properties, light will leak through the nuller and confuse the search for a planetary signal. Here we explore the possibility of using the coherence properties of the starlight to separate contributions from the planet and nuller leakage. We find that straightforward modifications to the optical layout of a nulling interferometer will allow one to measure and correct for the leakage to a high degree of precision. This nulling calibration relaxes the field matching requirements substantially, and should consequently simplify the instrument design.Comment: 24 Pages, accepted for publication in Ap

The quadruple-lined, doubly-eclipsing system V482 Persei

We report spectroscopic and differential photometric observations of the A-type system V482 Per that reveal it to be a rare hierarchical quadruple system containing two eclipsing binaries. One has the previously known orbital period of 2.4 days and a circular orbit, and the other a period of 6 days, a slightly eccentric orbit (e = 0.11), and shallow eclipses only 2.3% deep. The two binaries revolve around their common center of mass in a highly elongated orbit (e = 0.85) with a period of 16.67 yr. Radial velocities are measured for all components from our quadruple-lined spectra, and are combined with the light curves and with measurements of times of minimum light for the 2.4 day binary to solve for the elements of the inner and outer orbits simultaneously. The line-of-sight inclination angles of the three orbits are similar, suggesting they may be close to coplanar. The available observations appear to indicate that the 6 day binary experiences significant retrograde apsidal motion in the amount of about 60 degrees per century. We derive absolute masses for the four stars good to better than 1.5%, along with radii with formal errors of 1.1% and 3.5% for the 2.4 day binary and about 9% for the 6 day binary. A comparison of these and other physical properties with current stellar evolution models gives excellent agreement for a metallicity of [Fe/H] = -0.15 and an age of 360 Myr.Comment: 15 pages in emulateapj format, including figures and tables. Accepted for publication in The Astrophysical Journa

Initial Scientific Results from Phase-Referenced Astrometry of Sub-Arcsecond Binaries

The Palomar Testbed Interferometer has observed several binary star systems whose separations fall between the interferometric coherence length (a few hundredths of an arcsecond) and the typical atmospheric seeing limit of one arcsecond. Using phase-referencing techniques we measure the relative separations of the systems to precisions of a few tens of micro-arcseconds. We present the first scientific results of these observations, including the astrometric detection of the faint third stellar component of the kappa Pegasi system.Comment: 8 pages, 5 figures. To appear in SPIE conference proceedings volume 5491, "New Frontiers in Stellar Interferometery